Scientific+Revolution+and+Enlightenment

**1550-1800**** "To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction." **  ** [|Isaac Newton] **

__**10 Key Terms**__
 * ** Inductive reasoning: ** Scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypothesis or theories.
 * ** Scientific method: ** A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. It was crucial for the evolution of science to occur and make this world more modern.
 * ** Geocentric: ** System in which the Earth is placed in the center of the universe. It is also named the Ptolemaic system.
 * ** Heliocentric: ** System in which the sun is placed in the center of the universe, and the Earth orbits around that. This system was developed by native of Poland, Nicholas Copernicus.
 * ** Rationalism: ** Rene Descartes' system that believes in the fact that thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.
 * ** Salon: ** Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class's great urban houses. It was like going to someone's house to watch football in the modern days.
 * ** Rococo: ** New artistic style of the 1730's that had spread all over Europe. This type of art emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action.
 * ** Enlightened absolutism: ** The new type of monarchy that arrived during the eighteenth century. Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers.
 * ** Mestizos: ** Name given to the offspring between the Europeans and Native Americans. Spanish rulers permitted this action by the year 1501.
 * ** Federal system: ** System created by the constitution by which the power would be shared between the national government and the state governments.

__ **5 Key People** __
 * ** Galileo Galilei: ** Was the first European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope. Galileo also taught Mathematics and wrote a book named //The Starry Messenger// in 1610.
 * ** Isaac Newton: ** Was a math professor at Cambridge University. While he worked there he wrote a book called the Principia where he defined the three laws of motion.
 * ** Francis Bacon: ** Inventor of the Scientific method, which is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. He wasn't even a scientist either.
 * ** John Locke: ** Greatly influenced the Enlightenment along with Isaac Newton. His ideas suggested that people were molded by the experiences that they had.
 * ** Johann Sebastian Bach: ** Stand out musical genius who lived in Germany. One of his greatest achievements was //Mass in B Minor// which he composed.



__** Links: **__ Isaac Newton This link has tons of information on Isaac Newton. It tells you about his life and what he did to make him so famous. The scientific method If you click here you will learn all of the steps of the scientific method. And this site goes into detail an every step of this process. John Locke Here is a link that has a lot of info on John Locke. Examples would be his theory of knowledge and his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Mozart This link has lots of great information on Mozart. This site shows you a biography of his life and all of the works that he made. The American Revolution This site has everything you need to know about the Revolutionary War. It has information on all of the key battles in the war and much more.





media type="youtube" key="_s_WZL2sN6k" height="315" width="420" align="center"

media type="custom" key="12302212" align="center"

media type="custom" key="12302238"

__** Time Line **__ **1. 1543**- Nicholas Copernicus presents a new view of the universe.
 * 2. 1620**- Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum.
 * 3. 1633**- The Church condemns Galileo's teachings.
 * 4. 1666**- Royal Academy of Science founded in France.
 * 5. 1687**- Isaac Newton publishes the Principia.
 * 6. 1751**- Diderot becomes editor of the Encyclopedia.
 * 7. 1759**- James Wolfe dies in battle outside Quebec, Canada.
 * 8. 1763**- The Seven Years' War ends.
 * 9. 1776**- American colonies declare independence from Britain.
 * 10. 1778**- The Constitution of the United States is ratified by nine states.

In the Middle Ages, many educated Europeans took an intense interest in the world around them. However, these "natural philosophers," as midieval scientists were known, did not make observations of the natural world. They relied on people like Aristotle for their scientific knowledge. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries philosophers abandoned their old vies and developed new ones. Ptolemy, who lived in the second century A.D., was the greatest astronomer of antiquity. He developed a theory of the universe being geocentric, meaning that the earth is as the center of the universe. Then in 1543, Nicholas Copernicus of Poland developed the idea of our universe being heliocentric, or sun centered. Galileo Galilei was the first person to use a telescope to make regular observations on the stars. He was tried for his ideas by the Catholic Church. Isaac Newton studied at Cambridge University and wrote Principia. In that he showed his new discovery on the universal law of gravitation. There were also many great breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry. Andreas Vesalius wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body on his discoveries while being a professor of surgery at the University of Padua. William Harvey wrote on his discoveries on the heart being the bodies source of blood. Robert Boyle was also the first scientist recorded to conduct controlled experiments.

The Enlightenment can be described as the basis of knowledge from reason. The Enlightenment was especially influenced by the ideas of two seventeenth-century Englishmen, Isaac Newton and John Locke. These people were known to the french as philosophe meaning "philosopher". Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu came from French nobility. He wrote The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. He suggested that the perfect government functioned through a separation of powers. In 1763 Voltaire wrote Treatise on Toleration. That introduced the idea of deism, a religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. In France laissez-faire supported an economy where society ruled itself. Mary Wollstonecraft started the major European and American movement for womens rights. French philosophers would often have luxerious debates in the salons of upper-class mansions.

The arts were majorly impacted during the Enlightenment. New styles, such as rococo, spread all over Europe. Music was greatly impacted by people like Bach who was a renowned organist and composer. Handel was also a German, but spent his life in England. He wrote many religious musical pieces. Haydn was a composer who spent his adult life preforming for wealthy Hungarian princes. Mozart was a true child prodigy. He lived a miserable life always short on finances. But nevertheless he wrote many renowned pieces that are still listened to today. My personal favorite is Fuge in G minor.